Sleep Habits among a Group of Iranian School-Aged Children
Abstract
Background and Objective: Sleep problems are common in school-aged children. However, despite the high prevalence, they often are overlooked. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of sleep problems in elementary school students in Kashan, Iran.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 elementary school students (7-12 years old) in Kashan City. The participants were recruited via random cluster sampling. The BEARS [B = Bedtime Issues, E = Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS), A = Night Awakenings, R = Regularity and Duration of Sleep, S = Snoring] questionnaire was completed by mothers. Data analysis was carried out by descriptive statistics [mean and standard deviation (SD)], t-test, and Mann-Whitney U test.
Results: A total of 300 students participated in the study. Of them, 44.3% (133) were boys and 55.7% (167) were girls. The most common problem was nightmare (15.7%) and resistance against wakening (21.5%). The frequency of waking up at night in boys was higher than girls (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: High frequency of sleep problems in the study indicates the importance of sleep problems in children. To promote the awareness of parents, it is necessary to give information about healthy sleep patterns through schools and parent-teacher meetings.
Dahl RE, Lewin DS. Pathways to adolescent health sleep regulation and behavior. J Adolesc Health 2002; 31: 175-84.
Lowry R, Eaton DK, Foti K, et al. Association of sleep duration with obesity among US high school students. Journal of Obesity 2012; 2012: 476914.
Potter PA, Perry AG. Fundamentals of nursing. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier, 2009.
Fallahzadeh H, Etesam F, Asgarian FS. Validity and reliability related to the Persian version of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire. Sleep Biol Rhythm 2015; 13: 271-8.
O'Brien LM. The neurocognitive effects of sleep disruption in children and adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2009; 18: 813-23.
O'Callaghan FV, Al Mamun A, O'Callaghan M, et al. The link between sleep problems in infancy and early childhood and attention problems at 5 and 14 years: Evidence from a birth cohort study. Early Hum Dev 2010; 86: 419-24.
El-Sheikh M, Kelly RJ, Buckhalt JA, et al. Children's sleep and adjustment over time: The role of socioeconomic context. Child Dev 2010; 81: 870-83.
Shoghy M, Khangary S, Farmany F, et al. Parasomnias in school-age children. Iran J Nurs 2005; 18: 153-9. [In Persian].
Vakili M, Modaressi M, Rezvani M, et al. Investigating the factors affecting sleep problems among high-school students in Yazd city, Iran. J Sleep Sci 2016; 1: 125-30.
Jalilolghadr S, Saffari F, Mahram M, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children referred to a sleep clinic. J Sleep Sci 2016; 1: 59-66.
Gradisar M, Gardner G, Dohnt H. Recent worldwide sleep patterns and problems during adolescence: A review and meta-analysis of age, region, and sleep. Sleep Med 2011; 12: 110-8.
Mindell JA, Moline ML, Zendell SM, et al. Pediatricians and sleep disorders: Training and practice. Pediatrics 1994; 94: 194-200.
Owens JA, Dalzell V. Use of the 'BEARS' sleep screening tool in a pediatric residents' continuity clinic: a pilot study. Sleep Med 2005; 6: 63-9.
Mohammadi M, Amintehran E, Ghaleh-bandi MF, et al. Reliability and validity of Persian version of "BEARS" pediatric sleep questionnaire. Indian J Sleep Med 2008; 3: 14-9.
Khazaie T, Portaghali P, Jamali O, et al. Sleep pattern and common sleep problems of school children in Birjand. Mod Care J 2013; 9(3): 257-63.
Kahn A, Van de Merckt C, Rebuffat E, et al. Sleep problems in healthy preadolescents. Pediatrics 1989; 84: 542-6.
Stein MA, Mendelsohn J, Obermeyer WH, et al. Sleep and behavior problems in school-aged children. Pediatrics 2001; 107: E60.
Ipsiroglu OS, Fatemi A, Werner I, et al. Prevalence of sleep disorders in school children between 11 and 15 years of age. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2001; 113: 235-44.
Liu X, Sun Z, Uchiyama M, Shibui K, Kim K, Okawa M. Prevalence and correlates of sleep problems in Chinese schoolchildren. Sleep 2000; 23: 1053-62.
Mindell JA, Barrett KM. Nightmares and anxiety in elementary-aged children: Is there a relationship. Child Care Health Dev 2002; 28: 317-22.
Tomas Vila M, Miralles Torres A, Beseler Soto B, et al. Sleep patterns and sleep disturbances among schoolchildren in the town of Gandia. An Pediatr (Barc) 2008; 68: 250-6.
Panaghi L, Kafashi A, Seraji M. Epidemiology of sleep disorders in primary school students in Tehran. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol 2004; 10: 50-8.
van Litsenburg RR, Waumans RC, van den Berg G, et al. Sleep habits and sleep disturbances in Dutch children: A population-based study. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169: 1009-15.
Olds T, Maher C, Blunden S, et al. Normative data on the sleep habits of Australian children and adolescents. Sleep 2010; 33: 1381-8.
Ng DK, Kwok KL, Cheung JM, et al. Prevalence of sleep problems in Hong Kong primary school children: A community-based telephone survey. Chest 2005; 128: 1315-23.
Mohammadi M, Ghalebaghi B, Ghaleh Bandi MF, et al. Sleep patterns and sleep problems among preschool and school-aged group children in a primary care setting. Iran J Pediatr 2007; 17: 213-21.
Blader JC, Koplewicz HS, Abikoff H, et al. Sleep problems of elementary school children. A community survey. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997; 151: 473-80.
Paavonen EJ, Aronen ET, Moilanen I, et al. Sleep problems of school-aged children: A complementary view. Acta Paediatr 2000; 89: 223-8.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 2 No 3-4 (2017): Summer-Autumn | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Habits Sleep School age Child | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
