Correlates of Sleep Quality: A Pilot Descriptive Cross-Sectional Survey among Undergraduate Students in a Ghanaian University
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Abstract
Background and Objective: A gap exists in evidence of the association between sleep quality and the academic performance of university students in sub-Saharan Africa. A limited number of studies have been conducted in this regard, which have mainly focused on medical students, thus neglecting the larger population of undergraduate non-medical students.
Materials and Methods: This pilot study evaluated the correlates of sleep quality and the academic performance of 500 randomly sampled undergraduate non-medical students at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana. Data was collected using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a demographic questionnaire. The par-ticipants' demographic characteristics, academic performance, and sleep quality were first analyzed, descriptively, using SPSS software. Relationships between participants’ sleep quality and demographic factors, and sleep quality and aca-demic performance were determined using Spearman’s rank correlation. The causation between these variables was then determined using simple linear regression.
Results: Poor quality of sleep was prevalent among undergraduate students with a mean (SD) PSQI score of 6.43 (2.78). The respondent’s sleep quality had a weak correlation with their academic performance (rs = -0.146; P = 0.001), although poor quality of sleep was a predictor of academic performance [R2 = 0.022; 95% CI (-0.640, -0.168)].
Conclusion: Health education and sleep promotion interventions should be used to encourage good sleep quality and practices among students. Furthermore, the findings point to the need for further studies using a larger population.
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7. Tempesta D, Socci V, De Gennaro L, et al. Sleep and emotional processing. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 40: 183-95.
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9. Ghoreishi A, Aghajani AH. Sleep quality in Zanjan University medical students. Tehran Univ Med J 2008; 66: 61-7. [In Persian].
10. Al-Kandari S, Alsalem A, Al-Mutairi S, et al. Association between sleep hygiene awareness and practice with sleep quality among Kuwait University students. Sleep Health 2017; 3: 342-7.
11. Almojali AI, Almalki SA, Alothman AS, et al. The prevalence and association of stress with sleep quality among medical students. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2017; 7: 169-74.
12. Altun I, Cinar N, Dede C. The contributing factors to poor sleep experiences in according to the university students: A cross-sectional study. J Res Med Sci 2012; 17: 557-61.
13. Brauer AA, Athey AB, Ross MJ, et al. Sleep and health among collegiate student athletes. Chest 2019; 156: 1234-45.
14. Lund HG, Reider BD, Whiting AB, et al. Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college students. J Adolesc Health 2010; 46: 124-32.
15. Adeosun SO, Asa SO, Babalola OO, et al. Effects of night-reading on daytime sleepiness, sleep quality and academic performance of undergraduate pharmacy students in Nigeria. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2008; 6: 91-4.
16. Gilbert SP, Weaver CC. Sleep quality and academic performance in university students: A wake-up call for college psychologists. J College Stud Psychother 2010; 24: 295-306.
17. Lawson HJ, Wellens-Mensah JT, Attah NS. Evaluation of sleep patterns and self-reported academic performance among medical students at the University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry. Sleep Disord 2019; 2019: 1278579.
18. Mirghani HO, Mohammed OS, Almurtadha YM, et al. Good sleep quality is associated with better academic performance among Sudanese medical students. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8: 706.
19. Ratcliff R, Van Dongen HP. Sleep deprivation affects multiple distinct cognitive processes. Psychon Bull Rev 2009; 16: 742-51.
20. Carney CE, Edinger JD, Meyer B, et al. Daily activities and sleep quality in college students. Chronobiol Int 2006; 23: 623-37.
21. Bhandari PM, Neupane D, Rijal S, et al. Sleep quality, internet addiction and depressive symptoms among undergraduate students in Nepal. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17: 106.
22. Batten R, Liddiard K, Raynor AJ, et al. Cross-sectional survey of sleep practices of Australian university students. Nat Sci Sleep 2020; 12: 39-48.
23. Kumar VA, Chandrasekaran V, Brahadeeswari H. Prevalence of smartphone addiction and its effects on sleep quality: A cross-sectional study among medical students. Ind Psychiatry J 2019; 28: 82-5.
24. Lemma S, Gelaye B, Berhane Y, et al. Sleep quality and its psychological correlates among university students in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2012; 12: 237.
25. Seun-Fadipe CT, Mosaku KS. Sleep quality and psychological distress among undergraduate students of a Nigerian university. Sleep Health 2017; 3: 190-4.
26. Chang HY, Daubresse M, Kruszewski SP, et al. Prevalence and treatment of pain in EDs in the United States, 2000 to 2010. Am J Emerg Med 2014; 32: 421-31.
27. Dinis J, Braganca M. Quality of sleep and depression in college students: A systematic review. Sleep Sci 2018; 11: 290-301.
28. Huang Q, Li Y, Huang S, et al. Smartphone use and sleep quality in Chinese college students: A preliminary study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11: 352.
29. Mohammadbeigi A, Absari R, Valizadeh F, et al. Sleep quality in medical students; the impact of over-use of mobile cell-phone and social networks. J Res Health Sci 2016; 16: 46-50.
30. Sahin S, Ozdemir K, Unsal A, et al. Evaluation of mobile phone addiction level and sleep quality in university students. Pak J Med Sci 2013; 29: 913-8.
31. Mah CD, Kezirian EJ, Marcello BM, et al. Poor sleep quality and insufficient sleep of a collegiate student-athlete population. Sleep Health 2018; 4: 251-7.
32. Wondie T, Molla A, Mulat H, et al. Magnitude and correlates of sleep quality among undergraduate medical students in Ethiopia: Cross-sectional study. Sleep Science and Practice 2021; 5: 7.
33. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, III, Monk TH, et al. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 1989; 28: 193-213.
34. Manzar MD, Moiz JA, Zannat W, et al. Validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in Indian University students. Oman Med J 2015; 30: 193-202.
35. Salahuddin M, Maru TT, Kumalo A, et al. Validation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in community dwelling Ethiopian adults. Health Qual Life Out-comes 2017; 15: 58.
36. Mollayeva T, Thurairajah P, Burton K, et al. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index as a screening tool for sleep dysfunction in clinical and non-clinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2016; 25: 52-73.
37. Fontes F, Goncalves M, Maia S, et al. Reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in breast cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 2017; 25: 3059-66.
38. Chinawa JM, Chukwu BF, Obu HA. Sleep practices J Sleep Sci, Vol. 7, No. 1-2, 2022 9 http://jss.tums.ac.ir among medical students in Pediatrics Department of University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku/Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract 2014; 17: 232-6.
39. Hua Y, Zhang Q, Ting W, et al. Pediatric nurse practitioners' knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management study in Central China. J Contin Educ Nurs 2019; 50: 275-81.
40. Lai PP, Say YH. Associated factors of sleep quality and behavior among students of two tertiary institutions in Northern Malaysia. Med J Malaysia 2013; 68: 195-203.
41. Ahrberg K, Dresler M, Niedermaier S, et al. The interaction between sleep quality and academic performance. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46: 1618-22.
42. Maheshwari G, Shaukat F. Impact of poor sleep quality on the academic performance of medical students. Cureus 2019; 11: e4357.
43. Campbell R, Soenens B, Beyers W, et al. University students’ sleep during an exam period: The role of basic psychological needs and stress. Motiv Emot 2018; 42: 671-81.
44. Alsaggaf MA, Wali SO, Merdad RA, et al. Sleep quantity, quality, and insomnia symptoms of medical students during clinical years: Relationship with stress and academic performance. Saudi Med J 2016; 37: 173-82.
45. Hershner S, O'Brien LM. The impact of a randomized sleep education intervention for college students. J Clin Sleep Med 2018; 14: 337-47.
46. Becker SP, Jarrett MA, Luebbe AM, et al. Sleep in a large, multi-university sample of college students: Sleep problem prevalence, sex differences, and mental health correlates. Sleep Health 2018; 4: 174-81.
47. Zeek ML, Savoie MJ, Song M, et al. Sleep duration and academic performance among student pharmacists. Am J Pharm Educ 2015; 79: 63.
48. Ge Y, Xin S, Luan D, et al. Association of physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep duration on the health-related quality of life of college students in Northeast China. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2019; 17: 124.
49. Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: A joint consensus statement of the american academy of sleep medicine and sleep research society. J Clin Sleep Med 2015; 11: 591-2.
50. Yang G, Lai CS, Cichon J, et al. Sleep promotes branch-specific formation of dendritic spines after learning. Science 2014; 344: 1173-8.
51. Brand S, Gerber M, Kalak N, et al. Adolescents with greater mental toughness show higher sleep efficiency, more deep sleep and fewer awakenings after sleep onset. J Adolesc Health 2014; 54: 109-13.
52. Goodhines PA, Gellis LA, Kim J, et al. Self-medication for sleep in college students: concurrent and prospective associations with sleep and alcohol behavior. Behav Sleep Med 2019; 17: 327-41.
2. Okano K, Kaczmarzyk JR, Dave N, et al. Sleep quality, duration, and consistency are associated with better academic performance in college students. NPJ Sci Learn 2019; 4: 16.
3. Poitras VJ, Gray CE, Borghese MM, et al. Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41: S197-S239.
4. Giri P, Baviskar M, Phalke D. Study of sleep habits and sleep problems among medical students of Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Loni, Western Maharashtra, India. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2013; 3: 51-4.
5. Rasch B, Born J. About sleep's role in memory. Physiol Rev 2013; 93: 681-766.
6. Shafiq M, Salahuddin FF, Siddiqi M, et al. Sleep deprivation and its associated factors among general ward patients at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2006; 56: 614-7.
7. Tempesta D, Socci V, De Gennaro L, et al. Sleep and emotional processing. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 40: 183-95.
8. Palmer CA, Alfano CA. Sleep and emotion regulation: An organizing, integrative review. Sleep Med Rev 2017; 31: 6-16.
9. Ghoreishi A, Aghajani AH. Sleep quality in Zanjan University medical students. Tehran Univ Med J 2008; 66: 61-7. [In Persian].
10. Al-Kandari S, Alsalem A, Al-Mutairi S, et al. Association between sleep hygiene awareness and practice with sleep quality among Kuwait University students. Sleep Health 2017; 3: 342-7.
11. Almojali AI, Almalki SA, Alothman AS, et al. The prevalence and association of stress with sleep quality among medical students. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2017; 7: 169-74.
12. Altun I, Cinar N, Dede C. The contributing factors to poor sleep experiences in according to the university students: A cross-sectional study. J Res Med Sci 2012; 17: 557-61.
13. Brauer AA, Athey AB, Ross MJ, et al. Sleep and health among collegiate student athletes. Chest 2019; 156: 1234-45.
14. Lund HG, Reider BD, Whiting AB, et al. Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college students. J Adolesc Health 2010; 46: 124-32.
15. Adeosun SO, Asa SO, Babalola OO, et al. Effects of night-reading on daytime sleepiness, sleep quality and academic performance of undergraduate pharmacy students in Nigeria. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2008; 6: 91-4.
16. Gilbert SP, Weaver CC. Sleep quality and academic performance in university students: A wake-up call for college psychologists. J College Stud Psychother 2010; 24: 295-306.
17. Lawson HJ, Wellens-Mensah JT, Attah NS. Evaluation of sleep patterns and self-reported academic performance among medical students at the University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry. Sleep Disord 2019; 2019: 1278579.
18. Mirghani HO, Mohammed OS, Almurtadha YM, et al. Good sleep quality is associated with better academic performance among Sudanese medical students. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8: 706.
19. Ratcliff R, Van Dongen HP. Sleep deprivation affects multiple distinct cognitive processes. Psychon Bull Rev 2009; 16: 742-51.
20. Carney CE, Edinger JD, Meyer B, et al. Daily activities and sleep quality in college students. Chronobiol Int 2006; 23: 623-37.
21. Bhandari PM, Neupane D, Rijal S, et al. Sleep quality, internet addiction and depressive symptoms among undergraduate students in Nepal. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17: 106.
22. Batten R, Liddiard K, Raynor AJ, et al. Cross-sectional survey of sleep practices of Australian university students. Nat Sci Sleep 2020; 12: 39-48.
23. Kumar VA, Chandrasekaran V, Brahadeeswari H. Prevalence of smartphone addiction and its effects on sleep quality: A cross-sectional study among medical students. Ind Psychiatry J 2019; 28: 82-5.
24. Lemma S, Gelaye B, Berhane Y, et al. Sleep quality and its psychological correlates among university students in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2012; 12: 237.
25. Seun-Fadipe CT, Mosaku KS. Sleep quality and psychological distress among undergraduate students of a Nigerian university. Sleep Health 2017; 3: 190-4.
26. Chang HY, Daubresse M, Kruszewski SP, et al. Prevalence and treatment of pain in EDs in the United States, 2000 to 2010. Am J Emerg Med 2014; 32: 421-31.
27. Dinis J, Braganca M. Quality of sleep and depression in college students: A systematic review. Sleep Sci 2018; 11: 290-301.
28. Huang Q, Li Y, Huang S, et al. Smartphone use and sleep quality in Chinese college students: A preliminary study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11: 352.
29. Mohammadbeigi A, Absari R, Valizadeh F, et al. Sleep quality in medical students; the impact of over-use of mobile cell-phone and social networks. J Res Health Sci 2016; 16: 46-50.
30. Sahin S, Ozdemir K, Unsal A, et al. Evaluation of mobile phone addiction level and sleep quality in university students. Pak J Med Sci 2013; 29: 913-8.
31. Mah CD, Kezirian EJ, Marcello BM, et al. Poor sleep quality and insufficient sleep of a collegiate student-athlete population. Sleep Health 2018; 4: 251-7.
32. Wondie T, Molla A, Mulat H, et al. Magnitude and correlates of sleep quality among undergraduate medical students in Ethiopia: Cross-sectional study. Sleep Science and Practice 2021; 5: 7.
33. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, III, Monk TH, et al. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 1989; 28: 193-213.
34. Manzar MD, Moiz JA, Zannat W, et al. Validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in Indian University students. Oman Med J 2015; 30: 193-202.
35. Salahuddin M, Maru TT, Kumalo A, et al. Validation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in community dwelling Ethiopian adults. Health Qual Life Out-comes 2017; 15: 58.
36. Mollayeva T, Thurairajah P, Burton K, et al. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index as a screening tool for sleep dysfunction in clinical and non-clinical samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2016; 25: 52-73.
37. Fontes F, Goncalves M, Maia S, et al. Reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in breast cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 2017; 25: 3059-66.
38. Chinawa JM, Chukwu BF, Obu HA. Sleep practices J Sleep Sci, Vol. 7, No. 1-2, 2022 9 http://jss.tums.ac.ir among medical students in Pediatrics Department of University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku/Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract 2014; 17: 232-6.
39. Hua Y, Zhang Q, Ting W, et al. Pediatric nurse practitioners' knowledge and attitudes regarding pain management study in Central China. J Contin Educ Nurs 2019; 50: 275-81.
40. Lai PP, Say YH. Associated factors of sleep quality and behavior among students of two tertiary institutions in Northern Malaysia. Med J Malaysia 2013; 68: 195-203.
41. Ahrberg K, Dresler M, Niedermaier S, et al. The interaction between sleep quality and academic performance. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46: 1618-22.
42. Maheshwari G, Shaukat F. Impact of poor sleep quality on the academic performance of medical students. Cureus 2019; 11: e4357.
43. Campbell R, Soenens B, Beyers W, et al. University students’ sleep during an exam period: The role of basic psychological needs and stress. Motiv Emot 2018; 42: 671-81.
44. Alsaggaf MA, Wali SO, Merdad RA, et al. Sleep quantity, quality, and insomnia symptoms of medical students during clinical years: Relationship with stress and academic performance. Saudi Med J 2016; 37: 173-82.
45. Hershner S, O'Brien LM. The impact of a randomized sleep education intervention for college students. J Clin Sleep Med 2018; 14: 337-47.
46. Becker SP, Jarrett MA, Luebbe AM, et al. Sleep in a large, multi-university sample of college students: Sleep problem prevalence, sex differences, and mental health correlates. Sleep Health 2018; 4: 174-81.
47. Zeek ML, Savoie MJ, Song M, et al. Sleep duration and academic performance among student pharmacists. Am J Pharm Educ 2015; 79: 63.
48. Ge Y, Xin S, Luan D, et al. Association of physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep duration on the health-related quality of life of college students in Northeast China. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2019; 17: 124.
49. Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: A joint consensus statement of the american academy of sleep medicine and sleep research society. J Clin Sleep Med 2015; 11: 591-2.
50. Yang G, Lai CS, Cichon J, et al. Sleep promotes branch-specific formation of dendritic spines after learning. Science 2014; 344: 1173-8.
51. Brand S, Gerber M, Kalak N, et al. Adolescents with greater mental toughness show higher sleep efficiency, more deep sleep and fewer awakenings after sleep onset. J Adolesc Health 2014; 54: 109-13.
52. Goodhines PA, Gellis LA, Kim J, et al. Self-medication for sleep in college students: concurrent and prospective associations with sleep and alcohol behavior. Behav Sleep Med 2019; 17: 327-41.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 7 No 1-2 (2022): Winter-Spring | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jss.v7i(1-2).13208 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Sleep quality; Students; Academic performance; Ghana | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Oduro E, Budu I, Amponsah A, Abalo E. Correlates of Sleep Quality: A Pilot Descriptive Cross-Sectional Survey among Undergraduate Students in a Ghanaian University. J Sleep Sci. 2023;7(1-2):1-9.
