Effects of Combined Binaural Beats on Sleep Quality, Insomnia Severity, and Sleep Hygiene Improvement in Insomniac Students
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Abstract
Background and Objective: In previous studies, multiple interventions to improve sleep quality were suggested in students with insomnia based on different results. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of combined binau-ral beat treatment on improving sleep quality in students with insomnia.
Materials and Methods: This was a randomized clinical trial, which included all students living in Neyshabur, Khora-san Razavi Province, Iran, in 2020. In terms of inclusion criteria, 34 students (12 women) were assigned randomly into two control (n = 17) and experimental groups (n = 17). A combined binaural beat treatment (α, θ, and δ) and sleep hy-giene guidelines were given to the experimental group, but the control group only received the same sleep hygiene guidelines. Insomnia Severity Index, Sleep Hygiene Index, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were research instru-ments for this purpose. The results were analyzed with SPSS software.
Results: The effect of the combined binaural beats on ISI (F = 31.16, P < 0.001), sleep hygiene (F = 39.15, P < 0.001), and sleep quality (F = 14.15, P < 0.001) of students with insomnia was apparent during multivariate analysis of covari-ance (MANCOVA). The highest and lowest effects on the total value of sleep (effect size = 0.58) and the SHI (effect size = 0.35) were achieved by combined binaural beat treatment.
Conclusion: The combined binaural beats (α, θ, and δ) improve total sleep quality, sleep hygiene, and ISI of students with insomnia. Besides, such a treatment can be utilized as a modern non-invasive intervention.
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3. Blank C, Brunner J, Kreische B, et al. Performance-enhancing substance use in university students: Motives, attitudes, and differences in normative beliefs. J Subst Use 2017; 22: 324-30.
4. Knapstad M, Sivertsen B, Knudsen AK, et al. Trends in self-reported psychological distress among college and university students from 2010 to 2018. Psychol Med 2021; 51: 470-8.
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6. Association AP. American psychiatric association. 2019; 7:1.
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8. Ranjbaran M. Prevalence of poor sleep quality in college students of Iran: Systematic review and Meta-analysis. Razi J Med Sci 2016; 23: 1-7. [In Persian].
9. Alshogran OY, Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF, et al. Patterns of self-medication among medical and non-medical University students in Jordan. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2018; 11: 169-76.
10. Friedrich A, Schlarb AA. Let's talk about sleep: A systematic review of psychological interventions to improve sleep in college students. J Sleep Res 2018; 27: 4-22.
11. Yusufov M, Nicoloro-SantaBarbara J, Grey NE, et al. Meta-analytic evaluation of stress reduction interventions for undergraduate and graduate students. Int J Stress Manag 2019; 26: 132-45.
12. Birba A, Ibanez A, Sedeno L, et al. Non-invasive brain stimulation: A new strategy in mild cognitive impairment? Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9: 16.
13. Turow G, Lane JD. Binaural beat stimulation: altering vigilance and mood states. In: Berger J, Turow G, editors. Music, science, and the rhythmic brain: Cultural and clinical implications. New York, NY: Routledge; 2012. p. 131-45.
14. Sharma S, Rewadkar S, Pawar H, Deokar V, Lomte VM. Survey on binaural beats and background music for increased focus and relaxation. Proceedings of 2017 International Conference on Emerging Trends and Innovation in ICT (ICEI); 2017 Feb 3-5; Pune, India. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; p. 98-103.
15. Thatcher RW. EEG evaluation of traumatic brain injury and EEG biofeedback treatment. In: Budzynski TH, Budzynski HK, Evans JR, et al., editors. Introduction to quantitative EEG and neurofeedback. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2009. p. 269-94.
16. Murat ZH, Taib MN, Kadir RSSA, et al. Comparison between the Left and the Right Brainwaves for Delta and Theta Frequency Band after Horizontal Rotation Intervention. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks; 2011 July 26-28; Bali, Indonesia. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; p. 368-72.
17. Lee M, Song CB, Shin GH, et al. Possible effect of binaural beat combined with autonomous sensory meridian response for inducing sleep. Front Hum Neuro-sci 2019; 13: 425.
18. Abeln V, Kleinert J, Struder HK, et al. Brainwave entrainment for better sleep and post-sleep state of young elite soccer players - a pilot study. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 14: 393-402.
19. Bavafa A, Foroughi A, Jaberghaderi N, et al. Bin-aural beat theta and its impact on primary insomniacs: A randomized clinical trial. Med J Mashad Univ Med Sci 2019; 62: 138-46. [In Persian].
20. Carskadon WC, Dement MA. Normal human sleep: An overview. In: Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2011. p. 16-26.
21. Soleimani F, Motaarefi H, Hasanpour-Dehkordi A. Effect of sleep hygiene education on sleep quality in hemodialysis patients. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10: LC01-LC04.
22. Yazdi Z, Sadeghniiat-Haghighi K, Zohal MA, et al. Validity and reliability of the Iranian version of the insomnia severity index. Malays J Med Sci 2012; 19: 31-6.
23. Bastien CH, Vallieres A, Morin CM. Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med 2001; 2: 297-307.
24. Bavafa A, Foroughi AA, Khaledi B, et al. The comparison of effects of state and trait anxiety on the components of sleep quality. J Sleep Sci 2019; 3: 95-101.
25. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, et al. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 1989; 28: 193-213.
26. Backhaus J, Junghanns K, Broocks A, et al. Test-retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in primary insomnia. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53: 737-40.
27. Farrahi MJ, Nakhaee N, Sheibani V, et al. Reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-P). Sleep Breath 2012; 16: 79-82.
28. Mastin DF, Bryson J, Corwyn R. Assessment of sleep hygiene using the Sleep Hygiene Index. J Behav Med 2006; 29: 223-7.
29. Chehri A, Kiamanesh A, Ahadi H, et al. Psycho-metric properties of the Persian version of Sleep Hygiene Index in the general population. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci 2016; 10: e5268.
30. Zimmermann G, Pauly M, Bathke AC. Multivariate analysis of covariance when standard assumptions are violated. arXiv 2019:190210195. [Preprint].
31. Lopez-Caballero F, Escera C. Binaural beat: A failure to enhance EEG power and emotional arousal. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11: 557.
32. Gkolias V, Amaniti A, Triantafyllou A, et al. Minimal effects of binaural auditory beats for subclinical insomnia. Does pain play a role? J Clin Psychophar-macol 2020; 40: 320-1.
33. von Stein A, Sarnthein J. Different frequencies for different scales of cortical integration: from local gamma to long range alpha/theta synchronization. Int J Psychophysiol 2000; 38: 301-13.
34. Fernandez GA, Achermann P. Brain dynamics dur-ing the sleep onset transition: An EEG source localiza-tion study. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2019; 6: 24-34.
35. Carciofo R, Song N, Du F, et al. Metacognitive be-liefs mediate the relationship between mind wandering and negative affect. Pers Individ Differ 2017; 107: 78-87.
36. Wahbeh H, Calabrese C, Zwickey H. Binaural beat technology in humans: a pilot study to assess psychologic and physiologic effects. J Altern Complement Med 2007; 13: 25-32.
37. McConnell PA, Froeliger B, Garland EL, et al. Auditory driving of the autonomic nervous system: Listening to theta-frequency binaural beats post-exercise increases parasympathetic activation and sympathetic withdrawal. Front Psychol 2014; 5: 1248.
38. Lachaux JP, Rodriguez E, Martinerie J, et al. Measuring phase synchrony in brain signals. Hum Brain Mapp 1999; 8: 194-208.
2. Behnam B, Paknazar F, Mirmohammadkhani M, et al. Personal, familial and social factors associated with academic failure in university students: A case-control study in Iran. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research 2020; 19: 36-47.
3. Blank C, Brunner J, Kreische B, et al. Performance-enhancing substance use in university students: Motives, attitudes, and differences in normative beliefs. J Subst Use 2017; 22: 324-30.
4. Knapstad M, Sivertsen B, Knudsen AK, et al. Trends in self-reported psychological distress among college and university students from 2010 to 2018. Psychol Med 2021; 51: 470-8.
5. Marques DR, Gomes AA, Gellis LA. Insomnia in college students: Specificities regarding psychological treatment. Sleep Hypn 2019; 21: 175-87.
6. Association AP. American psychiatric association. 2019; 7:1.
7. Taylor DJ, Bramoweth AD, Grieser EA, et al. Epidemiology of insomnia in college students: relationship with mental health, quality of life, and substance use difficulties. Behav Ther 2013; 44: 339-48.
8. Ranjbaran M. Prevalence of poor sleep quality in college students of Iran: Systematic review and Meta-analysis. Razi J Med Sci 2016; 23: 1-7. [In Persian].
9. Alshogran OY, Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF, et al. Patterns of self-medication among medical and non-medical University students in Jordan. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2018; 11: 169-76.
10. Friedrich A, Schlarb AA. Let's talk about sleep: A systematic review of psychological interventions to improve sleep in college students. J Sleep Res 2018; 27: 4-22.
11. Yusufov M, Nicoloro-SantaBarbara J, Grey NE, et al. Meta-analytic evaluation of stress reduction interventions for undergraduate and graduate students. Int J Stress Manag 2019; 26: 132-45.
12. Birba A, Ibanez A, Sedeno L, et al. Non-invasive brain stimulation: A new strategy in mild cognitive impairment? Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9: 16.
13. Turow G, Lane JD. Binaural beat stimulation: altering vigilance and mood states. In: Berger J, Turow G, editors. Music, science, and the rhythmic brain: Cultural and clinical implications. New York, NY: Routledge; 2012. p. 131-45.
14. Sharma S, Rewadkar S, Pawar H, Deokar V, Lomte VM. Survey on binaural beats and background music for increased focus and relaxation. Proceedings of 2017 International Conference on Emerging Trends and Innovation in ICT (ICEI); 2017 Feb 3-5; Pune, India. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; p. 98-103.
15. Thatcher RW. EEG evaluation of traumatic brain injury and EEG biofeedback treatment. In: Budzynski TH, Budzynski HK, Evans JR, et al., editors. Introduction to quantitative EEG and neurofeedback. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2009. p. 269-94.
16. Murat ZH, Taib MN, Kadir RSSA, et al. Comparison between the Left and the Right Brainwaves for Delta and Theta Frequency Band after Horizontal Rotation Intervention. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks; 2011 July 26-28; Bali, Indonesia. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; p. 368-72.
17. Lee M, Song CB, Shin GH, et al. Possible effect of binaural beat combined with autonomous sensory meridian response for inducing sleep. Front Hum Neuro-sci 2019; 13: 425.
18. Abeln V, Kleinert J, Struder HK, et al. Brainwave entrainment for better sleep and post-sleep state of young elite soccer players - a pilot study. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 14: 393-402.
19. Bavafa A, Foroughi A, Jaberghaderi N, et al. Bin-aural beat theta and its impact on primary insomniacs: A randomized clinical trial. Med J Mashad Univ Med Sci 2019; 62: 138-46. [In Persian].
20. Carskadon WC, Dement MA. Normal human sleep: An overview. In: Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2011. p. 16-26.
21. Soleimani F, Motaarefi H, Hasanpour-Dehkordi A. Effect of sleep hygiene education on sleep quality in hemodialysis patients. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10: LC01-LC04.
22. Yazdi Z, Sadeghniiat-Haghighi K, Zohal MA, et al. Validity and reliability of the Iranian version of the insomnia severity index. Malays J Med Sci 2012; 19: 31-6.
23. Bastien CH, Vallieres A, Morin CM. Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med 2001; 2: 297-307.
24. Bavafa A, Foroughi AA, Khaledi B, et al. The comparison of effects of state and trait anxiety on the components of sleep quality. J Sleep Sci 2019; 3: 95-101.
25. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, et al. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 1989; 28: 193-213.
26. Backhaus J, Junghanns K, Broocks A, et al. Test-retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in primary insomnia. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53: 737-40.
27. Farrahi MJ, Nakhaee N, Sheibani V, et al. Reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-P). Sleep Breath 2012; 16: 79-82.
28. Mastin DF, Bryson J, Corwyn R. Assessment of sleep hygiene using the Sleep Hygiene Index. J Behav Med 2006; 29: 223-7.
29. Chehri A, Kiamanesh A, Ahadi H, et al. Psycho-metric properties of the Persian version of Sleep Hygiene Index in the general population. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci 2016; 10: e5268.
30. Zimmermann G, Pauly M, Bathke AC. Multivariate analysis of covariance when standard assumptions are violated. arXiv 2019:190210195. [Preprint].
31. Lopez-Caballero F, Escera C. Binaural beat: A failure to enhance EEG power and emotional arousal. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11: 557.
32. Gkolias V, Amaniti A, Triantafyllou A, et al. Minimal effects of binaural auditory beats for subclinical insomnia. Does pain play a role? J Clin Psychophar-macol 2020; 40: 320-1.
33. von Stein A, Sarnthein J. Different frequencies for different scales of cortical integration: from local gamma to long range alpha/theta synchronization. Int J Psychophysiol 2000; 38: 301-13.
34. Fernandez GA, Achermann P. Brain dynamics dur-ing the sleep onset transition: An EEG source localiza-tion study. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2019; 6: 24-34.
35. Carciofo R, Song N, Du F, et al. Metacognitive be-liefs mediate the relationship between mind wandering and negative affect. Pers Individ Differ 2017; 107: 78-87.
36. Wahbeh H, Calabrese C, Zwickey H. Binaural beat technology in humans: a pilot study to assess psychologic and physiologic effects. J Altern Complement Med 2007; 13: 25-32.
37. McConnell PA, Froeliger B, Garland EL, et al. Auditory driving of the autonomic nervous system: Listening to theta-frequency binaural beats post-exercise increases parasympathetic activation and sympathetic withdrawal. Front Psychol 2014; 5: 1248.
38. Lachaux JP, Rodriguez E, Martinerie J, et al. Measuring phase synchrony in brain signals. Hum Brain Mapp 1999; 8: 194-208.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 7 No 1-2 (2022): Winter-Spring | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jss.v7i(1-2).13212 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Insomnia; Sleep; Sleep hygiene; Students | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Shalforoushan M, Bagherzadeh Golmakani Z. Effects of Combined Binaural Beats on Sleep Quality, Insomnia Severity, and Sleep Hygiene Improvement in Insomniac Students. J Sleep Sci. 2023;7(1-2):28-34.
