Sleep Problems and Language Disorders in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Abstract
Background and Objective: Language disorders are common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It seems that children who suffer from sleep problems usually suffer from more severe disturbances in other linguistic areas, as well. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to compare language disorders in children with autism with sleep problems to children with autism with no sleep problems.
Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The statistical population for this study included all children with autism aged between 7 and 12 years. Purposeful sampling through Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) test was applied to select a sample of 38 subjects, which was divided into two groups of 19 according to presence of sleep problems. The subjects were then evaluated through continuous speech quality testing.
Results: Higher mean and standard deviation (SD) of scores of mean length utterance (2.93 ± 2.01), speech rate (74.13 ± 1.58), number of verbs (11.72 ± 2.61), lexical enrichment (16.00 ± 1.55), and echolalia (2.81 ± 1.10) was ob-served among children with autism with sleep problems as compared to children with autism without sleep problems (P < 0.05) The findings also showed that the difference in mean scores in subscale of the number of lexical words was not significant.
Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it seems that sleep disorders may be one of the factors affecting language learning and continuous speech quality in children with autism.
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41. Pear JJ. The science of learning. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press; 2001.
42. Plihal W, Born J. Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on declarative and procedural memory. J Cogn Neurosci 1997; 9: 534-47.
43. Verma D, Chakraborti B, Karmakar A, et al. Sexual dimorphic effect in the genetic association of monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) markers with autism spectrum disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry
2014; 50: 11-20.
44. Deuschle M, Schredl M, Schilling C, et al. Association between a serotonin transporter length polymorphism and primary insomnia. Sleep 2010; 33: 343-7.
45. Mulder EJ, Anderson GM, Kema IP, et al. Platelet serotonin levels in pervasive developmental disorders and mental retardation: diagnostic group differences, within-group distribution, and behavioral correlates. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43: 491-9.
46. Ellis CM, Lemmens G, Parkes JD. Melatonin and insomnia. J Sleep Res 1996; 5: 61-5.
47. de Faria PJ, Feltes BC, Bonatto D. Melatonin as a central molecule connecting neural development and calcium signaling. Funct Integr Genomics 2011; 11: 383-8.
2. Santangelo SL, Folstein SE. Autism: A genetic perspective, in neurodevelopmental disorders. In: Tager Flusberg H, editor. Cambridge, UK: MIT Press; 1999. p.431-7.
3. Janzen JE. Understanding the Nature of Autism: A Practical Guide. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corp; 1996.
4. Neisworth JT, Wolfe PS. The Autism Encyclopedia. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes; 2005.
5. Baron-Cohen S. Autism and Asperger Syndrome. Trans. Ganji M. Tehran, Iran: Savalan; 2010. [In Persian].
6. Brown K. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science; 2005. p. 617-30.
7. Cohen DJ, Volkmar FR. Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1997. P. 195-225.
8. Bushwick NL. Social learning and the etiology of autism. New Ideas in Psychology 2001; 19: 49-75.
9. Kjelgaard MM, Tager-Flusberg H. An investigation of language impairment in autism: Implications for genetic subgroups. Lang Cogn Process 2001; 16: 287-308.
10. Johnson KP, Malow BA. Sleep in children with autism spectrum disorders. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2008; 10: 350-9.
11. Baker E, Richdale A, Short M, et al. An investigation of sleep patterns in adolescents with high functioning autism spectrum disorder compared with typically developing adolescents. Dev Neurorehabil 2013; 16: 155-65.
12. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.
13. Maski K, Owens JA. Insomnia, parasomnias, and narcolepsy in children: Clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15: 1170-81.
14. Souders MC, Mason TB, Valladares O, et al. Sleep behaviors and sleep quality in children with autism spectrum disorders. Sleep 2009; 32: 1566-78.
15. Malow BA, Katz T, Reynolds AM, et al. Sleep difficulties and medications in children with autism spectrum disorders: A registry study. Pediatrics 2016; 137: S98-S104.
16. Schreck KA, Mulick JA. Parental report of sleep problems in children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2000; 30: 127-35.
17. Polimeni MA, Richdale AL, Francis AJ. A survey of sleep problems in autism, Asperger's disorder and typically developing children. J Intellect Disabil Res 2005; 49: 260-8.
18. Mayes SD, Calhoun SL. Variables related to sleep problems in children with autism. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2009; 3: 931-41.
19. Goldman SE, Richdale AL, Clemons T, et al. Parental sleep concerns in autism spectrum disorders: Variations from childhood to adolescence. J Autism Dev Disord 2012; 42: 531-8.
20. Hodge D, Carollo TM, Lewin M, et al. Sleep patterns in children with and without autism spectrum disorders: Developmental comparisons. Res Dev Disabil 2014; 35: 1631-8.
21. Cortesi F, Giannotti F, Ivanenko A, et al. Sleep in children with autistic spectrum disorder. Sleep Med 2010; 11: 659-64.
22. Taylor MA, Schreck KA, Mulick JA. Sleep disruption as a correlate to cognitive and adaptive behavior problems in autism spectrum disorders. Res Dev Disabil 2012; 33: 1408-17.
23. Diomedi M, Curatolo P, Scalise A, et al. Sleep abnormalities in mentally retarded autistic subjects: Down's syndrome with mental retardation and normal subjects. Brain Dev 1999; 21: 548-53.
24. Christodulu KV, Durand VM. Reducing bedtime disturbance and night waking using positive bedtime routines and sleep restriction. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl 2004; 19: 130-9.
25. Elrod MG, Hood BS. Sleep differences among children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing peers: A meta-analysis. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2015; 36: 166-77.
26. Biggs SN, Lushington K, van den Heuvel CJ, et al. Inconsistent sleep schedules and daytime behavioral difficulties in school-aged children. Sleep Med 2011; 12: 780-6.
27. Davis KF, Parker KP, Montgomery GL. Sleep in infants and young children: Part two: common sleep problems. J Pediatr Health Care 2004; 18: 130-7.
28. Owens JA, Spirito A, McGuinn M. The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): psychometric properties of a survey instrument for school-aged children. Sleep 2000; 23: 1043-51.
29. Wang G, Xu G, Liu Z, et al. Sleep patterns and sleep disturbances among Chinese school-aged children: prevalence and associated factors. Sleep Med 2013; 14: 45-52.
30. Fagnano M, Bayer AL, Isensee CA, et al. Nocturnal asthma symptoms and poor sleep quality among urban school children with asthma. Acad Pediatr 2011; 11: 493-9.
31. Nilipour R. Task-specific agrammatism in a Farsi-English bilingual patient. J Neurolinguistics 1989; 4: 243-53.
32. Prizant BM. Language acquisition and communicative behavior in autism: toward an understanding of the "whole" of it. J Speech Hear Disord 1983; 48: 296-307.
33. Adams LW. Autism and Asperger Syndrome. Trans. Alizadeh Mousavi E. Mashhad, Iran: Tabaran; 2009. [In Persian].
34. Eigsti IM, Bennetto L. Grammaticality judgments in autism: deviance or delay. J Child Lang 2009; 36: 999-1021.
35. Boucher J. Language development in autism. Int Congr Ser 2003; 1254: 247-53.
36. Paul R, Bianchi N, Augustyn A, et al. Production of syllable stress in speakers with Autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2008; 2: 110-24.
37. Crystal D. A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics. Oxford, UK: B. Blackwell; 2003.
38. Lyons V, Fitzgerald M. Humor in autism and Asperger syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 2004; 34: 521-31.
39. Tudor ME, Hoffman CD, Sweeney DP. Children with Autism: Sleep problems and symptom severity. Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl 2012; 27: 254-62.
40. Hallahan DP, Kauffman JM. Exceptional children: Introduction to special education. Trans. Javadian M. Mashhad, Iran: Behnashr; 1996. [In Persian].
41. Pear JJ. The science of learning. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press; 2001.
42. Plihal W, Born J. Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on declarative and procedural memory. J Cogn Neurosci 1997; 9: 534-47.
43. Verma D, Chakraborti B, Karmakar A, et al. Sexual dimorphic effect in the genetic association of monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) markers with autism spectrum disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry
2014; 50: 11-20.
44. Deuschle M, Schredl M, Schilling C, et al. Association between a serotonin transporter length polymorphism and primary insomnia. Sleep 2010; 33: 343-7.
45. Mulder EJ, Anderson GM, Kema IP, et al. Platelet serotonin levels in pervasive developmental disorders and mental retardation: diagnostic group differences, within-group distribution, and behavioral correlates. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43: 491-9.
46. Ellis CM, Lemmens G, Parkes JD. Melatonin and insomnia. J Sleep Res 1996; 5: 61-5.
47. de Faria PJ, Feltes BC, Bonatto D. Melatonin as a central molecule connecting neural development and calcium signaling. Funct Integr Genomics 2011; 11: 383-8.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 4 No 3-4 (2019): Summer-Autumn | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Autism spectrum disorder; Sleep; Language | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Bahrami Khorshid S, Madanifard M. Sleep Problems and Language Disorders in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Sleep Sci. 2020;4(3-4):69-75.
