The Association between Emotional Intelligence and Sleep Quality Components in University Students
-
Amir Bavafa
,
Mohammad Fadaei
,
Behnaz Shid Anbarani
,
Mahsa Bameshghi
,
Fateme Shekarian-Yazd
,
Nasrin Jaberghaderi
,
Kazem Moeni
Abstract
Background and Objective: Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to perceive emotions in oneself and others. Studies indicate that there might be a relationship between emotional intelligence and sleep. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between emotional intelligence with components of students' sleep quality.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 377 students affiliated to Ferdowsi University in Mashhad, Iran, were selected and evaluated by two questionnaires of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) after obtaining participants’ consent.
Results: The prevalence of poor sleep was nearly 61% in students. The highest level of correlation was observed after total sleep quality, with sleep disturbances and subjective sleep quality, respectively. The lowest level of non-significant correla-tion was observed with sleep duration (P > 0.05). Regulation, appraisal, and utilization of emotions were the most empow-erment strategies in emotional intelligence among students.
Conclusion: The optimal sleep quality can be related to higher emotional intelligence. Amongst the two sleep quality components, the total sleep quality had a stronger relationship with emotional intelligence. It may be inferred that to increase student productivity, emotion-focused psychological interventions should focus on utilization, appraisal, and regulation of emotions.
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2. Pazhouhan A, Rezaei B, Parno M. The relationship of the components of emotional intelligence with organizational agility in the healthcare network. J Ker-manshah Univ Med Sci 2019; 23: e86873.
3. Goleman D. Leadership that gets results. Harv Bus Rev 2000; 78: 4-17.
4. Besharat MA. Psychometric properties of Farsi version of the Emotional Intelligence Scale-41 (FEIS-41). Pers Individ Dif 2007; 43: 991-1000.
5. Mintz LJ, Stoller JK. A systematic review of physi-cian leadership and emotional intelligence. J Grad Med Educ 2014; 6: 21-31.
6. Peter M, Arntz AR, Klimstra T, et al. Different as-pects of emotional intelligence of borderline personality disorder. Clin Psychol Psychother 2018; 25: e51-e59.
7. Cuesta-Zamora C, Gonzalez-Marti I, Garcia-Lopez LM. The role of trait emotional intelligence in body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms in pre-adolescents and adolescents. Pers Individ Dif 2018; 126: 1-6.
8. Martins FMP, Leite KP, Trevizol AP, et al. Emo-tional intelligence and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A critical review. Trends Psychiatry Psychother 2019; 41: 94-102.
9. Varo C, Jimenez E, Sole B, et al. Social cognition in bipolar disorder: The role of sociodemographic, clinical, and neurocognitive variables in emotional intelligence. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019; 139: 369-80.
10. Killgore WD, Kahn-Greene ET, Lipizzi EL, et al. Sleep deprivation reduces perceived emotional intelligence and constructive thinking skills. Sleep Med 2008; 9: 517-26.
11. Yip JA, Stein DH, Cote S, et al. Follow your gut? Emotional intelligence moderates the association be-tween physiologically measured somatic markers and risk-taking. Emotion 2019. [Epub ahead of print].
12. He L, Mao Y, Sun J, et al. Examining brain structures associated with emotional intelligence and the mediated effect on trait creativity in young adults. Front Psychol 2018; 9: 925.
13. Hiser J, Koenigs M. The multifaceted role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in emotion, decision making, social cognition, and psychopathology. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83: 638-47.
14. Yoder KJ, Decety J. The neuroscience of morality and social decision-making. Psychol Crime Law 2018; 24: 279-95.
15. Lieberman MD, Straccia MA, Meyer ML, et al. Social, self, (situational), and affective processes in medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC): Causal, multivariate, and reverse inference evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 99: 311-28.
16. Koenigs M, Tranel D. Irrational economic decision-making after ventromedial prefrontal damage: Evidence from the Ultimatum Game. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 951-6.
17. Northoff G, Grimm S, Boeker H, et al. Affective judgment and beneficial decision making: Ventromedial prefrontal activity correlates with performance in the Iowa Gambling Task. Hum Brain Mapp 2006; 27: 572-87.
18. Verfaellie M, Wank AA, Reid AG, et al. Self-related processing and future thinking: Distinct contributions of ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the me-dial temporal lobes. Cortex 2019; 115: 159-71.
19. Tang W, Yendiki A, Jbabdi S, et al. 137. Location of anterior cingulate and ventrolateral prefrontal cortical hubs: integration between emotional and cognitive functions. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83: S56.
20. Choo WC, Lee WW, Venkatraman V, et al. Disso-ciation of cortical regions modulated by both working memory load and sleep deprivation and by sleep deprivation alone. Neuroimage 2005; 25: 579-87.
21. Szelenberger W, Piotrowski T, Dabrowska AJ. Increased prefrontal event-related current density after sleep deprivation. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2005; 65: 19-28.
22. Killgore WD, Balkin TJ, Wesensten NJ. Impaired decision making following 49 h of sleep deprivation. J Sleep Res 2006; 15: 7-13.
23. Demos KE, Hart CN, Sweet LH, et al. Partial sleep deprivation impacts impulsive action but not impulsive decision-making. Physiol Behav 2016; 164: 214-9.
24. Heuer H, Kleinsorge T, Klein W, et al. Total sleep deprivation increases the costs of shifting between simple cognitive tasks. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2004; 117: 29-64.
25. Labelle MA, Dang-Vu TT, Petit D, et al. Sleep deprivation impairs inhibitory control during wakefulness in adult sleepwalkers. J Sleep Res 2015; 24: 658-65.
26. van Peer JM, Gladwin TE, Nieuwenhuys A. Effects of threat and sleep deprivation on action tendencies and response inhibition. Emotion 2018. [Epub ahead of print].
27. Haack M, Mullington JM. Sustained sleep restriction reduces emotional and physical well-being. Pain 2005; 119: 56-64.
28. Scott JP, McNaughton LR, Polman RC. Effects of sleep deprivation and exercise on cognitive, motor performance and mood. Physiol Behav 2006; 87: 396-408.
29. Watling J, Pawlik B, Scott K, et al. Sleep loss and affective functioning: More than just mood. Behav Sleep Med 2017; 15: 394-409.
30. Zare KH, Salehinejad MA, Nitsche MA, et al. Sleep-deprivation and autobiographical memory: Evidence from sleep-deprived nurses. J Sleep Res 2019; 28: e12683.
31. Killgore WD, Killgore DB, Day LM, et al. The effects of 53 hours of sleep deprivation on moral judgment. Sleep 2007; 30: 345-52.
32. Shattuck NL, Matsangas P, Dahlman AS. Sleep and fatigue issues in military operations. In: Vermetten E, Germain A, Neylan TC, editors. Sleep and combat-related post traumatic stress disorder .New York, NY: Springer; 2018. p. 69-76.
33. Kahn-Greene ET, Lipizzi EL, Conrad AK, et al. Sleep deprivation adversely affects interpersonal responses to frustration. Pers Individ Dif 2006; 41: 1433-43.
34. Krizan Z, Herlache AD. Sleep disruption and aggression: Implications for violence and its prevention. Psychology of Violence 2016; 6: 542-52.
35. Brown RF, Schutte NS. Direct and indirect relationships between emotional intelligence and subjective fatigue in university students. J Psychosom Res 2006; 60: 585-93.
36. Farrahi MJ, Nakhaee N, Sheibani V, et al. Reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-P). Sleep Breath 2012; 16: 79-82.
37. Backhaus J, Junghanns K, Broocks A, et al. Test-retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in primary insomnia. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53: 737-40.
38. Agargun My, Kara H, Anlar O. The validity and reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 1996; 7: 107-15.
39. Austin EJ, Saklofske DH, Huang SHS, et al. Measurement of trait emotional intelligence: Testing and cross-validating a modified version of Schutte et al.'s (1998) measure. Pers Individ Dif 2004; 36: 555-62.
40. Lund HG, Reider BD, Whiting AB, et al. Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college students. J Adolesc Health 2010; 46: 124-32.
41. Mansouri A, Mokhayeri Y, Mohammadi Far-rokhran E, et al. Sleep quality of students living in dormitories in Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) in 2011. Iran J Epidemiol 2012; 8: 71-82. [In Persian].
42. Ranjbaran M, Khorsandi M. Prevalence of poor sleep quality in college students of Iran: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Razi J Med Sci 2016; 23: 1-7. [In Persian].
43. Ohayon MM, Reynolds CF 3rd. Epidemiological and clinical relevance of insomnia diagnosis algorithms according to the DSM-IV and the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD). Sleep Med 2009; 10: 952-60.
44. Chan-Chee C, Bayon V, Bloch J, et al. Epidemiology of insomnia in France. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2011; 59: 409-22. [In French].
45. Rosen L, Carrier LM, Miller A, et al. Sleeping with technology: cognitive, affective, and technology usage predictors of sleep problems among college students. Sleep Health 2016; 2: 49-56.
46. Demirci K, Akgonul M, Akpinar A. Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. J Behav Addict 2015; 4: 85-92.
47. Wu X, Tao S, Zhang Y, et al. Low physical activity and high screen time can increase the risks of mentalhealth problems and poor sleep quality among Chinese college students. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0119607.
48. Kenney SR, Paves AP, Grimaldi EM, et al. Sleep quality and alcohol risk in college students: Examining the moderating effects of drinking motives. J Am Coll Health 2014; 62: 301-8.
49. Wheaton AG, Chapman DP, Croft JB. School start times, sleep, behavioral, health, and academic out-comes: A review of the literature. J Sch Health 2016; 86: 363-81.
50. Kamphuis J, Meerlo P, Koolhaas JM, et al. Poor sleep as a potential causal factor in aggression and violence. Sleep Med 2012; 13: 327-34.
51. Vaughn MG, Salas-Wright CP, White NA, et al. Poor sleep and reactive aggression: Results from a national sample of African American adults. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 66-67: 54-9.
52. Kamphuis J, Dijk DJ, Spreen M, et al. The relation between poor sleep, impulsivity and aggression in forensic psychiatric patients. Physiol Behav 2014; 123: 168-73.
53. Deliens G, Gilson M, Schmitz R, et al. Sleep unbinds memories from their emotional context. Cortex 2013; 49: 2221-8.
54. Killgore WDS, Balkin TJ, Yarnell AM, et al. Sleep deprivation impairs recognition of specific emotions. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2017; 3: 10-6.
55. Schwarz JF, Popp R, Haas J, et al. Shortened night sleep impairs facial responsiveness to emotional stimu-li. Biol Psychol 2013; 93: 41-4.
56. Horvath A, Montana X, Lanquart JP, et al. Effects of state and trait anxiety on sleep structure: A polysomnographic study in 1083 subjects. Psychiatry Res 2016; 244: 279-83.
57. Emert S, Tutek J, Lichstein K. Associations between sleep disturbances, personality, and trait emotional intelligence. Pers Individ Dif 2017; 107: 195-200.
58. Salovey P, Stroud L, Woolery A. Perceived emotional intelligence, stress reactivity, and symptom reports: Further explorations using The Trait Meta-Mood Scale. Psychol Health 2002; 17: 611-27.
59. Palmer B, Donaldson C, Stough C. Emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. Pers Individ Dif 2002; 33: 1091-100.
60. Beranuy M, Oberst U, Carbonell X, et al. Problem-atic internet and mobile phone use and clinical symptoms in college students: The role of emotional intelligence. Comput Human Behav 2009; 25: 1182-7.
2. Pazhouhan A, Rezaei B, Parno M. The relationship of the components of emotional intelligence with organizational agility in the healthcare network. J Ker-manshah Univ Med Sci 2019; 23: e86873.
3. Goleman D. Leadership that gets results. Harv Bus Rev 2000; 78: 4-17.
4. Besharat MA. Psychometric properties of Farsi version of the Emotional Intelligence Scale-41 (FEIS-41). Pers Individ Dif 2007; 43: 991-1000.
5. Mintz LJ, Stoller JK. A systematic review of physi-cian leadership and emotional intelligence. J Grad Med Educ 2014; 6: 21-31.
6. Peter M, Arntz AR, Klimstra T, et al. Different as-pects of emotional intelligence of borderline personality disorder. Clin Psychol Psychother 2018; 25: e51-e59.
7. Cuesta-Zamora C, Gonzalez-Marti I, Garcia-Lopez LM. The role of trait emotional intelligence in body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms in pre-adolescents and adolescents. Pers Individ Dif 2018; 126: 1-6.
8. Martins FMP, Leite KP, Trevizol AP, et al. Emo-tional intelligence and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A critical review. Trends Psychiatry Psychother 2019; 41: 94-102.
9. Varo C, Jimenez E, Sole B, et al. Social cognition in bipolar disorder: The role of sociodemographic, clinical, and neurocognitive variables in emotional intelligence. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019; 139: 369-80.
10. Killgore WD, Kahn-Greene ET, Lipizzi EL, et al. Sleep deprivation reduces perceived emotional intelligence and constructive thinking skills. Sleep Med 2008; 9: 517-26.
11. Yip JA, Stein DH, Cote S, et al. Follow your gut? Emotional intelligence moderates the association be-tween physiologically measured somatic markers and risk-taking. Emotion 2019. [Epub ahead of print].
12. He L, Mao Y, Sun J, et al. Examining brain structures associated with emotional intelligence and the mediated effect on trait creativity in young adults. Front Psychol 2018; 9: 925.
13. Hiser J, Koenigs M. The multifaceted role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in emotion, decision making, social cognition, and psychopathology. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83: 638-47.
14. Yoder KJ, Decety J. The neuroscience of morality and social decision-making. Psychol Crime Law 2018; 24: 279-95.
15. Lieberman MD, Straccia MA, Meyer ML, et al. Social, self, (situational), and affective processes in medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC): Causal, multivariate, and reverse inference evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 99: 311-28.
16. Koenigs M, Tranel D. Irrational economic decision-making after ventromedial prefrontal damage: Evidence from the Ultimatum Game. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 951-6.
17. Northoff G, Grimm S, Boeker H, et al. Affective judgment and beneficial decision making: Ventromedial prefrontal activity correlates with performance in the Iowa Gambling Task. Hum Brain Mapp 2006; 27: 572-87.
18. Verfaellie M, Wank AA, Reid AG, et al. Self-related processing and future thinking: Distinct contributions of ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the me-dial temporal lobes. Cortex 2019; 115: 159-71.
19. Tang W, Yendiki A, Jbabdi S, et al. 137. Location of anterior cingulate and ventrolateral prefrontal cortical hubs: integration between emotional and cognitive functions. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83: S56.
20. Choo WC, Lee WW, Venkatraman V, et al. Disso-ciation of cortical regions modulated by both working memory load and sleep deprivation and by sleep deprivation alone. Neuroimage 2005; 25: 579-87.
21. Szelenberger W, Piotrowski T, Dabrowska AJ. Increased prefrontal event-related current density after sleep deprivation. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2005; 65: 19-28.
22. Killgore WD, Balkin TJ, Wesensten NJ. Impaired decision making following 49 h of sleep deprivation. J Sleep Res 2006; 15: 7-13.
23. Demos KE, Hart CN, Sweet LH, et al. Partial sleep deprivation impacts impulsive action but not impulsive decision-making. Physiol Behav 2016; 164: 214-9.
24. Heuer H, Kleinsorge T, Klein W, et al. Total sleep deprivation increases the costs of shifting between simple cognitive tasks. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2004; 117: 29-64.
25. Labelle MA, Dang-Vu TT, Petit D, et al. Sleep deprivation impairs inhibitory control during wakefulness in adult sleepwalkers. J Sleep Res 2015; 24: 658-65.
26. van Peer JM, Gladwin TE, Nieuwenhuys A. Effects of threat and sleep deprivation on action tendencies and response inhibition. Emotion 2018. [Epub ahead of print].
27. Haack M, Mullington JM. Sustained sleep restriction reduces emotional and physical well-being. Pain 2005; 119: 56-64.
28. Scott JP, McNaughton LR, Polman RC. Effects of sleep deprivation and exercise on cognitive, motor performance and mood. Physiol Behav 2006; 87: 396-408.
29. Watling J, Pawlik B, Scott K, et al. Sleep loss and affective functioning: More than just mood. Behav Sleep Med 2017; 15: 394-409.
30. Zare KH, Salehinejad MA, Nitsche MA, et al. Sleep-deprivation and autobiographical memory: Evidence from sleep-deprived nurses. J Sleep Res 2019; 28: e12683.
31. Killgore WD, Killgore DB, Day LM, et al. The effects of 53 hours of sleep deprivation on moral judgment. Sleep 2007; 30: 345-52.
32. Shattuck NL, Matsangas P, Dahlman AS. Sleep and fatigue issues in military operations. In: Vermetten E, Germain A, Neylan TC, editors. Sleep and combat-related post traumatic stress disorder .New York, NY: Springer; 2018. p. 69-76.
33. Kahn-Greene ET, Lipizzi EL, Conrad AK, et al. Sleep deprivation adversely affects interpersonal responses to frustration. Pers Individ Dif 2006; 41: 1433-43.
34. Krizan Z, Herlache AD. Sleep disruption and aggression: Implications for violence and its prevention. Psychology of Violence 2016; 6: 542-52.
35. Brown RF, Schutte NS. Direct and indirect relationships between emotional intelligence and subjective fatigue in university students. J Psychosom Res 2006; 60: 585-93.
36. Farrahi MJ, Nakhaee N, Sheibani V, et al. Reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-P). Sleep Breath 2012; 16: 79-82.
37. Backhaus J, Junghanns K, Broocks A, et al. Test-retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in primary insomnia. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53: 737-40.
38. Agargun My, Kara H, Anlar O. The validity and reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 1996; 7: 107-15.
39. Austin EJ, Saklofske DH, Huang SHS, et al. Measurement of trait emotional intelligence: Testing and cross-validating a modified version of Schutte et al.'s (1998) measure. Pers Individ Dif 2004; 36: 555-62.
40. Lund HG, Reider BD, Whiting AB, et al. Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college students. J Adolesc Health 2010; 46: 124-32.
41. Mansouri A, Mokhayeri Y, Mohammadi Far-rokhran E, et al. Sleep quality of students living in dormitories in Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) in 2011. Iran J Epidemiol 2012; 8: 71-82. [In Persian].
42. Ranjbaran M, Khorsandi M. Prevalence of poor sleep quality in college students of Iran: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Razi J Med Sci 2016; 23: 1-7. [In Persian].
43. Ohayon MM, Reynolds CF 3rd. Epidemiological and clinical relevance of insomnia diagnosis algorithms according to the DSM-IV and the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD). Sleep Med 2009; 10: 952-60.
44. Chan-Chee C, Bayon V, Bloch J, et al. Epidemiology of insomnia in France. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2011; 59: 409-22. [In French].
45. Rosen L, Carrier LM, Miller A, et al. Sleeping with technology: cognitive, affective, and technology usage predictors of sleep problems among college students. Sleep Health 2016; 2: 49-56.
46. Demirci K, Akgonul M, Akpinar A. Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. J Behav Addict 2015; 4: 85-92.
47. Wu X, Tao S, Zhang Y, et al. Low physical activity and high screen time can increase the risks of mentalhealth problems and poor sleep quality among Chinese college students. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0119607.
48. Kenney SR, Paves AP, Grimaldi EM, et al. Sleep quality and alcohol risk in college students: Examining the moderating effects of drinking motives. J Am Coll Health 2014; 62: 301-8.
49. Wheaton AG, Chapman DP, Croft JB. School start times, sleep, behavioral, health, and academic out-comes: A review of the literature. J Sch Health 2016; 86: 363-81.
50. Kamphuis J, Meerlo P, Koolhaas JM, et al. Poor sleep as a potential causal factor in aggression and violence. Sleep Med 2012; 13: 327-34.
51. Vaughn MG, Salas-Wright CP, White NA, et al. Poor sleep and reactive aggression: Results from a national sample of African American adults. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 66-67: 54-9.
52. Kamphuis J, Dijk DJ, Spreen M, et al. The relation between poor sleep, impulsivity and aggression in forensic psychiatric patients. Physiol Behav 2014; 123: 168-73.
53. Deliens G, Gilson M, Schmitz R, et al. Sleep unbinds memories from their emotional context. Cortex 2013; 49: 2221-8.
54. Killgore WDS, Balkin TJ, Yarnell AM, et al. Sleep deprivation impairs recognition of specific emotions. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2017; 3: 10-6.
55. Schwarz JF, Popp R, Haas J, et al. Shortened night sleep impairs facial responsiveness to emotional stimu-li. Biol Psychol 2013; 93: 41-4.
56. Horvath A, Montana X, Lanquart JP, et al. Effects of state and trait anxiety on sleep structure: A polysomnographic study in 1083 subjects. Psychiatry Res 2016; 244: 279-83.
57. Emert S, Tutek J, Lichstein K. Associations between sleep disturbances, personality, and trait emotional intelligence. Pers Individ Dif 2017; 107: 195-200.
58. Salovey P, Stroud L, Woolery A. Perceived emotional intelligence, stress reactivity, and symptom reports: Further explorations using The Trait Meta-Mood Scale. Psychol Health 2002; 17: 611-27.
59. Palmer B, Donaldson C, Stough C. Emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. Pers Individ Dif 2002; 33: 1091-100.
60. Beranuy M, Oberst U, Carbonell X, et al. Problem-atic internet and mobile phone use and clinical symptoms in college students: The role of emotional intelligence. Comput Human Behav 2009; 25: 1182-7.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 4 No 1-2 (2019): Winter-Spring | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Emotional intelligence; Sleep; Students | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Bavafa A, Fadaei M, Shid Anbarani B, Bameshghi M, Shekarian-Yazd F, Jaberghaderi N, Moeni K. The Association between Emotional Intelligence and Sleep Quality Components in University Students. J Sleep Sci. 2019;4(1-2):37-43.
