The Roles of Procrastinatory Cognitions and Bedtime Procrastination in Insomnia among Students
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Abstract
Background and Objective: Insomnia is one of the most prevalent sleep-related problems among university students. To date, several explanatory models for insomnia have been presented; however, the perspective of procrastination has been less considered. The present study's aim was to determine the association between procrastinatory cognitions and bedtime procrastination, and insomnia among students.
Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. A total of 433 students were selected using stratified random sam-pling method. Data were collected using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BTPS), and Procrastinatory Cognitions Inventory (PCI).
Results: The severity of insomnia in medical students varied from non-clinical to clinical insomnia. In addition, the results of regression analysis indicated that the full model was significant regarding the predictors of insomnia. Only 3% of variance in insomnia severity was due to demographic variables, while bedtime procrastination and procrastina-tory cognitions explained 33% of the variance in the severity of insomnia among students.
Conclusion: The procrastination-related structures such as procrastinatory cognitions and bedtime procrastination play an important role in explaining insomnia in students. Addressing these variables as perpetuating factors can be consid-ered in the treatment of insomnia in students.
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28. Jennum P, Zachariae B. Stress and insomnia. Ugeskr Laeger 2012; 174: 197-200. [In Danish].
29. Sirois FM, van Eerde W, Argiropoulou MI. Is procrastination related to sleep quality? Testing an application of the procrastination-health model. Cogent Psychology 2015; 2: 1074776.
30. Doos A, V, Gharraee B, Farid AA, et al. Prediction of insomnia severity based on cognitive, metacognitive, and emotional variables in college students. Explore (NY) 2014; 10: 233-40.
31. Morin CM. Insomnia: Psychological assessment and management. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1993.
32. Bastien CH, Vallieres A, Morin CM. Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med 2001; 2: 297-307.
33. Yazdi Z, Sadeghniiat-Haghighi K, Zohal MA, et al. Validity and reliability of the Iranian version of the insomnia severity index. Malays J Med Sci 2012; 19: 31-6.
34. Sirois F, Nauts S, Molnar D. Self-compassion and bedtime procrastination: an emotion regulation perspective. Mindfulness 2019; 10: 434-45.
35. Veqar Z, Hussain ME. Validity and reliability of insomnia severity index and its correlation with pittsburgh sleep quality index in poor sleepers among Indian university students. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2017. [Epub ahead of print].
36. Sirois FM, Pychyl TA. Procrastination, health, and well-being. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press; 2016.
37. Nauts S, Kamphorst B, Poortvliet R, et al. Aversive bedtime routines as a precursor to bedtime procrastination. Eur Health Psychol 2016; 18: 80-5.
2. American Psychological Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5®. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 2013.
3. Roth T. Insomnia: Definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences. J Clin Sleep Med 2007; 3: S7-10.
4. Jiang XL, Zheng XY, Yang J, et al. A systematic review of studies on the prevalence of insomnia in university students. Public Health 2015; 129: 1579-84.
5. Becker SP, Jarrett MA, Luebbe AM, et al. Sleep in a large, multi-university sample of college students: Sleep problem prevalence, sex differences, and mental health correlates. Sleep Health 2018; 4: 174-81.
6. Sing CY, Wong WS. Prevalence of insomnia and its psychosocial correlates among college students in Hong Kong. J Am Coll Health 2010; 59: 174-82.
7. Taylor DJ, Bramoweth AD, Grieser EA, et al. Epidemiology of insomnia in college students: Relation-ship with mental health, quality of life, and substance use difficulties. Behav Ther 2013; 44: 339-48.
8. Azad MC, Fraser K, Rumana N, et al. Sleep disturbances among medical students: A global perspective. J Clin Sleep Med 2015; 11: 69-74.
9. Carvalho Aguiar MM, das Chagas MF, Meireles Sales de Bruin V, V, et al. Sleep quality among psychiatry residents. Can J Psychiatry 2016; 61: 44-9.
10. Loayza HM, Ponte TS, Carvalho CG, et al. Association between mental health screening by self-report questionnaire and insomnia in medical students. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2001; 59: 180-5.
11. Angelone AM, Mattei A, Sbarbati M, et al. Prevalence and correlates for self-reported sleep problems among nursing students. J Prev Med Hyg 2011; 52: 201-8.
12. Zailinawati AH, Teng CL, Chung YC, et al. Day-time sleepiness and sleep quality among Malaysian medical students. Med J Malaysia 2009; 64: 108-10.
13. Deary IJ, Tait R. Effects of sleep disruption on cognitive performance and mood in medical house officers. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987; 295: 1513-6.
14. Weinger MB, AncoliIsrael S. Sleep deprivation and clinical performance. JAMA 2002; 287: 955-7.
15. Rasekhi S, Pour Ashouri F, Pirouzan A. Effects of sleep quality on the academic performance of under-graduate medical students. Health Scope 2016; 5(3): e31641.
16. Gaultney JF. The prevalence of sleep disorders in college students: impact on academic performance. J Am Coll Health 2010; 59: 91-7.
17. Bootzin RR. Stimulus control treatment for insomnia. Proceedings of the 80th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association; 1972 Sep 2-8; Honolulu, Hawaii. p. 395-6.
18. Harvey AG. A cognitive model of insomnia. Behav Res Ther 2002; 40: 869-93.
19. Ong JC, Ulmer CS, Manber R. Improving sleep with mindfulness and acceptance: a metacognitive model of insomnia. Behav Res Ther 2012; 50: 651-60.
20. Knaus WJ. Procrastination, Blame, and Change. Soc Behav Personal 2000; 15: 153-66.
21. Steel P. The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychol Bull 2007; 133: 65-94.
22. Sirois F, Melia-Gordon M, Pychyl T. "I'll look after my health, later": An investigation of procrastination and health. Pers Individ Dif 2003; 35: 1167-84.
23. Stead R, Shanahan M, Neufeld R. “I’ll go go to therapy, eventually”: Procrastination, stress and mental health. Pers Individ Dif 2010; 49: 175-80.
24. Sirois FM. “I’ll look after my health, later”: A replication and extension of the procrastination-health model with community-dwelling adults. Pers Individ Dif 2007; 43: 15-26.
25. Kroese FM, De Ridder DT, Evers C, et al. Bedtime procrastination: introducing a new area of procrastination. Front Psychol 2014; 5: 611.
26. Stainton M, Lay CH, Flett GL. Trait procrastinators and behavior/trait-specific cognitions. Soc Behav Personal 2000; 15: 297-312.
27. Flett GL, Stainton M, Hewitt PL, et al. Procrastination automatic thoughts as a personality construct: An analysis of the procrastinatory cognitions inventory. J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther 2012; 30: 223-36.
28. Jennum P, Zachariae B. Stress and insomnia. Ugeskr Laeger 2012; 174: 197-200. [In Danish].
29. Sirois FM, van Eerde W, Argiropoulou MI. Is procrastination related to sleep quality? Testing an application of the procrastination-health model. Cogent Psychology 2015; 2: 1074776.
30. Doos A, V, Gharraee B, Farid AA, et al. Prediction of insomnia severity based on cognitive, metacognitive, and emotional variables in college students. Explore (NY) 2014; 10: 233-40.
31. Morin CM. Insomnia: Psychological assessment and management. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1993.
32. Bastien CH, Vallieres A, Morin CM. Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med 2001; 2: 297-307.
33. Yazdi Z, Sadeghniiat-Haghighi K, Zohal MA, et al. Validity and reliability of the Iranian version of the insomnia severity index. Malays J Med Sci 2012; 19: 31-6.
34. Sirois F, Nauts S, Molnar D. Self-compassion and bedtime procrastination: an emotion regulation perspective. Mindfulness 2019; 10: 434-45.
35. Veqar Z, Hussain ME. Validity and reliability of insomnia severity index and its correlation with pittsburgh sleep quality index in poor sleepers among Indian university students. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2017. [Epub ahead of print].
36. Sirois FM, Pychyl TA. Procrastination, health, and well-being. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press; 2016.
37. Nauts S, Kamphorst B, Poortvliet R, et al. Aversive bedtime routines as a precursor to bedtime procrastination. Eur Health Psychol 2016; 18: 80-5.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 4 No 1-2 (2019): Winter-Spring | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Insomnia, Cognition, Procrastination | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Saed O, Ahmadi R, Mohammadi Baytamar J, Mohammadi M, Kousari Z. The Roles of Procrastinatory Cognitions and Bedtime Procrastination in Insomnia among Students. J Sleep Sci. 2019;4(1-2):29-36.
